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In December 2021, the European Commission proposed a revision of Directive 2008/99/EC on the protection of the environment through criminal law. The proposal seeks to clarify some of the terms contained in the directive and includes an updated list of environmental crime offences, harmonised sanction types and levels, measures to strengthen international investigation and prosecution, improvements to the collection of statistical data, and measures to improve national enforcement chains. Ultimately ...

It took over 20 years of discussion in various forums for the European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO) to come to fruition. Established in 2017 through a regulation adopted via enhanced cooperation, it followed an unsuccessful attempt to reach unanimity in the Council on a 2013 Commission proposal. The outcome of the protracted negotiations is a complex body with strong collegial elements. The EPPO is composed of two levels: the central level and the decentralised one. The Central Office, located ...

This briefing provides an initial analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the European Commission's impact assessment (IA) accompanying the above-mentioned proposal, which was submitted on 15 December 2021 and referred to the European Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI). Despite the lack of systematic statistical data, environmental, social and economic damage caused by environmental crimes has been widely documented. Directive 2008/99/EC (the Environmental Crime Directive, ECD) was ...

The Holocaust ('Shoah' in Hebrew) – the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and mass murder of Jews, whom the Nazi regime and its collaborators sought to annihilate along with other persecuted groups, such as Roma and Sinti – took place in Europe. It is therefore not surprising that a trend to address negationism – i.e. unfounded theories questioning certain historical events – by means of criminal law, originated in Europe. With time, the scope of criminalisation has been extended to cover not ...

Directive 2008/99/EC on the protection of the environment through criminal law – the Environmental Crime Directive (ECD) – was aimed primarily at improving environmental protection by means of harmonised criminal legislation. Despite noticeable progress on setting up a common legal framework and the undisputed relevance of the directive, there are shortcomings with regard to the uncertain scope of application of the directive, the uneven system for sanctions and the fact that implementation is still ...

Plusieurs débats animent l’Union européenne sur l’utilisation de l’intelligence artificielle (IA) dans un grand nombre de secteurs. L’une des priorités de la Commission européenne dans le domaine numérique est de définir une approche européenne de l’IA, comme on peut le voir dans sa proposition de législation sur l’intelligence artificielle. Les applications de l’IA ouvrent certes des perspectives très intéressantes, mais posent également des risques de taille pour les droits fondamentaux des citoyens ...

La présente étude porte sur la responsabilité environnementale et la criminalité écologique dans le cadre des fusions et acquisitions. Elle analyse si la responsabilité environnementale est transférée, soit à un successeur, soit à une société mère. Le rôle des sociétés dans la directive relative à la protection de l’environnement par le droit pénal est également analysé, avec une attention particulière à la succession entre sociétés. Une attention particulière est également accordée à la notion d ...

La présente étude, commandée par le département thématique des droits des citoyens et des affaires constitutionnelles du Parlement européen à la demande de la commission LIBE, examine les incidences sur les droits fondamentaux du recours à l’intelligence artificielle dans le domaine des services répressifs et de la justice pénale, du point de vue de l’Union européenne. Elle présente le cadre juridique applicable (notamment en ce qui concerne la protection des données) et analyse les grandes tendances ...

On 17 April 2018, the European Commission adopted a proposal for a directive intended to facilitate law enforcement authorities' access to and use of financial information held in other jurisdictions within the EU for investigations related to terrorism and other serious crime. The proposed directive would grant competent authorities direct access to bank account information contained in centralised registries set up in each Member State, according to the Fifth Anti-Money-Laundering Directive. The ...

Three out of five African countries have laws criminalising homosexuality and the public expression of sexual or gender behaviour that does not conform with heterosexual norms. These same laws even sometimes punish LGBTI (lesbian, gay, trans, intersex) rights advocacy. Some African countries have partly decriminalised LGBTI persons or given them better protection. However, across the continent – with the notable exception of South Africa – such persons are still far from fully enjoying the same rights ...