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In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, which showed the need for more sophisticated and demanding capital requirements for banks, new regulations were agreed at international level – known as the Basel III Agreements. In the EU, they were implemented essentially by amending the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD) and adopting the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR). On 27 October 2021, the Commission tabled two interconnected proposals to amend the CRR and the CRD, respectively. The objective ...

This study, commissioned by the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the JURI Committee, looks into the challenges and possible improvements of administrative cooperation between Member States, as regards cross-border enforcement of administrative fines and recovery claims. Legal instruments to facilitate transnational cooperation are necessary. Also the terms ‘fine’ and ‘recovery claim’ are often subject to different definitions in the Member States ...

This briefing note presents an overview of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and sanctions in the European Union. It provides information on the different approaches for addressing serious infringements in different Member States, as well as an analysis of existing EU and international measures. The study identifies differences between levels of monitoring, control and surveillance in Member States. Also differences are observed between Member States in the following-up of serious infringements ...

This briefing note presents an overview of Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) infringement procedures and imposed sanctions throughout the European Union. It identifies potential risks in the ways different Member States follow-up on infringements, thus undermining compliance of CFP rules. The study recommends that Member States enhance cooperation on inspecting fisheries and sanctioning infringements, ensure an effective system for following-up and impose deterrent sanctions to avoid recidivism.