Energy as a tool of foreign policy of authoritarian states, in particular Russia
Russia and other energy-rich authoritarian states use their energy exports for economic gains but also as a tool of foreign policy leverage. This study looks at the ways and methods these states have used to exert political pressure through their energy supplies, and what it means for the European Union. Most energy-rich authoritarian states use their energy wealth to ensure regime survival. But, more than others, Russia uses its energy wealth as well to protect and promote its interests in its ‘near abroad’ and to make its geopolitical influence felt further afield, including in Europe. It uses gas supplies to punish and to reward, affecting both transit states and end-consumers. This study explores how supply disruptions, price discounts or hikes, and alternative transit routes such as Nord Stream 2 and Turkish Stream, are used by Russia to further its foreign policy ambitions, feeding suspicions about its geopolitical motives. The lack of transparency about Russia’s energy policy decisions contributes to this. In response, the EU is building an Energy Union based around the Third Energy Package, a more integrated European market and diversified supplies. By investing in new supplies, such as LNG, and completing a liberalised energy market, the EU will be better able to withstand such energy coercion and develop a more effective EU foreign policy.
Studju
Awtur estern
Rem Korteweg
Dwar dan id-dokument
Tip ta’ pubblikazzjoni
Qasam tematiku
Kelma għat-tiftix
- Amerika
- Asja u Oċeanja
- diversifikazzjoni tal-provvista tal-enerġija
- ENERĠIJA
- Ewropa
- gass naturali
- il-Pajjiżi tal-Golf
- il-Venezwela
- industrija taż-żejt
- ir-Russja
- kostruzzjoni Ewropea
- kummerċ
- KUMMERĊ
- l-Ukraina
- linja tal-gass
- miżura restrittiva tal-UE
- organizzazzjoni tat-trasport
- pajjiżi tal-KSI
- politika estera
- politika tal-enerġija
- politika tal-enerġija tal-UE
- prezz tal-enerġija
- provvista tal-enerġija
- RELAZZJONIJIET INTERNAZZJONALI
- sigurtà internazzjonali
- sigurtà tal-provvista
- TRASPORT
- umanistika
- UNJONI EWROPEA
- XJENZA
- ĠEOGRAFIJA
- ġeografija ekonomika
- ġeografija politika
- ġeopolitika