Fittex

Il-Bank Ewropew tal-Investiment (BEI) jippromwovi l-objettivi tal-Unjoni Ewropea billi jipprovdi finanzjament ta’ proġetti fit-tul, garanziji u konsulenza. Huwa jappoġġja proġetti kemm fi ħdan l-UE kif ukoll lil hinn minnha. L-azzjonisti tiegħu huma l-Istati Membri tal-UE. Il-BEI huwa l-azzjonist maġġoritarju tal-Fond Ewropew tal-Investiment (FEI) u ż-żewġ organizzazzjonijiet flimkien jiffurmaw il-Grupp tal-BEI.

Is-Sistema Ewropea ta’ Superviżjoni Finanzjarja hija sistema b’diversi livelli ta’ awtoritajiet mikroprudenzjali u makroprudenzjali li għandha l-għan li tiżgura superviżjoni finanzjarja konsistenti u koerenti fl-UE. Hi tinkludi l-Bord Ewropew dwar ir-Riskju Sistemiku, it-tliet awtoritajiet superviżorji Ewropej (EBA, ESMA u EIOPA) u s-superviżuri nazzjonali. Il-Bank Ċentrali Ewropew, bħala parti mill-Mekkaniżmu Superviżorju Uniku (MSU), huwa s-superviżur bankarju għall-banek il-kbar nett.

L-unjoni ekonomika u monetarja (UEM) hija r-riżultat ta’ integrazzjoni ekonomika fl-UE. Fiż-żona tal-euro, li attwalment tinkludi 20 Stat Membru tal-Unjoni, ġiet introdotta munita komuni, l-euro. L-Istati Membri kollha tal-UE – minbarra d-Danimarka – jeħtiġilhom jadottaw l-euro ladarba jissodisfaw il-kriterji ta’ konverġenza. Politika monetarja unika hija stabbilita mill-Eurosistema, li tinkludi l-Bord Eżekuttiv tal-Bank Ċentrali Ewropew u l-gvernaturi tal-banek ċentrali taż-żona tal-euro.

L-objettiv ewlieni tar-regoli tal-kompetizzjoni tal-UE huwa li jippermettu l-funzjonament tajjeb tas-suq intern. It-Trattat dwar il-Funzjonament tal-Unjoni Ewropea (TFUE) għandu l-għan li jipprevjeni restrizzjonijiet u distorsjonijiet tal-kompetizzjoni, bħall-abbuż ta’ pożizzjonijiet dominanti, il-ftehimiet antikompetittivi kif ukoll l-għaqdiet u l-akkwiżizzjonijiet, jekk dawn inaqqsu l-kompetizzjoni. Barra minn hekk, l-għajnuna mill-Istat hija pprojbita meta din twassal għal distorsjonijiet tal-kompetizzjoni ...

Is-servizzi finanzjarji huma parti essenzjali mill-isforzi tal-UE biex jiġi kkompletat is-suq intern, fl-ambitu tal-moviment liberu tas-servizzi u tal-kapital. Il-progress seħħ f’fażijiet differenti: (1) it-tneħħija tal-ostakli nazzjonali għad-dħul (1957-1973); (2) l-armonizzazzjoni tal-liġijiet u tal-politiki nazzjonali (1973-1983); (3) l-ikkompletar tas-suq intern (1983-1992); (4) il-ħolqien ta’ żona ta’ munita unika (1993-2007); u (5) il-kriżi finanzjarja globali u r-riforma ta’ wara l-kriżi ( ...

Il-moviment liberu tal-kapital huwa wieħed mill-erba’ libertajiet fundamentali tas-suq uniku tal-UE. Minbarra li jirrappreżenta l-aktar libertà reċenti, jikkostitwixxi wkoll l-aktar waħda wiesgħa minħabba d-dimensjoni unika tiegħu b’rabta mal-pajjiżi terzi. Il-liberalizzazzjoni tal-flussi tal-kapital kienet waħda gradwali. B’konsegwenza tat-Trattat ta’ Maastricht, ir-restrizzjonijiet fuq il-pagamenti u l-movimenti tal-kapital – kemm bejn l-Istati Membri u kemm ma’ pajjiżi terzi – ilhom ipprojbiti ...

Although the US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) pursues a range of aims, the two main ones are the lowering of inflation by removing purchasing power from the US economy, and to provide the United State's contribution to fighting climate change. Unlike similar EU measures, most of its climate support is done via tax subsidies. Although hailed in the EU for heralding a new era in US climate policy, the IRA is being criticised for its outright 'Buy American' provisions. Amongst others, it is feared that ...

The original full study presents data from 27 banking groups in 10 EU Member States, where it is found that banks have used COVID-19 relief measures extensively, with some cross-country differences as for the intensity of use. Flexibility in risk classification does not seem to have impaired banks’ ability to report and recognise risk properly, even for loans under moratoria. The findings suggest that the impact of the measures on banks’ credit supply has been overall positive and mainly driven ...

The original full study presents data from 27 banking groups in 10 EU Member States, where it is found that banks have used COVID-19 relief measures extensively, with some cross-country differences as for the intensity of use. Flexibility in risk classification does not seem to have impaired banks’ ability to report and recognise risk properly, even for loans under moratoria. The findings suggest that the impact of the measures on banks’ credit supply has been overall positive and mainly driven ...

The European Semester is a framework for the coordination of economic policies across the European Union that was established after the European sovereign debt crisis. This paper aims to provide a simple but comprehensive introduction, explaining the main steps of the Semester from November to July each year. It also provides a short review of the academic and institutional debates around the Semester, before closing with the priorities in the relevant areas identified by the new European Commission ...