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Regulation 1073/2009 lays down the rules applicable to access to the international market for coach and bus services. Research of available documentation shows that there are various challenges to the present system that limit harmonisation in this particular field, including differences in rules on access to national markets across Member States, different openness of national markets and diverse national arrangements negatively influencing free provision of services in the field of transport. The ...

The liberalisation of air transport, which resulted in the creation of new routes and new business models for airlines, in particular the development of low-cost carriers, has led to lower fares and wider access to air transport. In many countries, air transport is a catalyst for tourism development. As low-cost carriers in the EU have experienced substantial growth, serving mostly short-haul destinations, they are increasingly looking into investing into the long-haul market for their future development ...

De vrijheid van vestiging en de vrijheid van dienstverlening, zoals verankerd in het Verdrag betreffende de werking van de Europese Unie en bevestigd door jurisprudentie van het Europees Hof van Justitie, waarborgen de mobiliteit van bedrijven en beroepsbeoefenaren binnen de EU. Voor de verdere toepassing van deze twee vrijheden, zijn de verwachtingen voor de in 2006 aangenomen dienstenrichtlijn hoog gespannen, aangezien deze van cruciaal belang is voor de voltooiing van de interne markt.

In 2016, following work in previous years but also in response to the VW case, the European Commission made a proposal to strengthen type-approval and market surveillance for motor vehicles. The European Parliament plenary is expected to vote at first reading on the proposal in April.

With soaring passenger traffic and an increasing number of destinations and connections, air transport in the EU has been undergoing profound change in recent decades, impacting on airports as key players in the aviation value chain and civil aviation infrastructure. EU airports, which differ significantly in size and role, had to adapt following the liberalisation of the internal market for aviation; they now have commercial objectives and compete to attract and retain traffic. This analysis provides ...

The 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation ('Chicago Convention') is the chief regulatory framework for international civil aviation, but also the most important primary source of public international aviation law and the umbrella under which bilateral air service agreements have been developed. While in the early days bilateral air service agreements between states were quite restrictive, having been written with the intention of protecting their respective flag carriers, in the early 1990s ...

The fourth railway package comprises six legislative proposals to enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of rail across the European Union, put forward by the European Commission in 2013. It aims to remove the remaining institutional, legal and technical obstacles, and create a truly integrated European Railway Area. Although the legislative process on technical issues did not present many difficulties, negotiations on the liberalisation of rail markets and governance structures (known as the ...

In a third attempt to liberalise the European Union's port services, in 2013 the European Commission proposed a regulation aimed at eliminating unfair competition and improving the commercial efficiency of the major EU seaports. While establishing a framework for market access to port services, and common rules on both the transparency of public funding for ports and charges for users, the proposal does not affect Member States' social and employment rules.

This 'Cost of Non-Europe' study examines the current economic, social and legal state of play regarding the sharing economy in the European Union, and identifies the cost of the lack of further European action in this field. The assessment of existing EU and national legislation confirms that there are still significant implementation gaps and areas of poor economic performance. The subsequent examination of areas where it was believed that an economic potential exists highlighted that substantial ...

A comparison of the services offers which the European Union has made for the negotiations on the EU-US Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) shows that, in general, both treaties follow similar approaches and points of difference are minor; both TiSA and TTIP apply a positive listing approach in regards to market access and negative listing in regards to national treatment, and the rules governing market access and national treatment do ...