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In the first decade of the 21st century, loans denominated in or indexed to foreign currencies, in particular the Swiss franc, became very popular in a number of EU Member States, including Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Austria, Poland, Romania, and Slovenia, and also in two non-EU countries, Montenegro and Serbia. For a certain period, in some Member States these loans became the most popular type of loan issued to consumers. By pegging loans to a stable foreign currency, banks could lend more money ...

The euro is the second most important global currency after the US dollar. However, its international role has not increased since its inception in 1999. The private sector prefers using the US dollar rather than the euro because the financial market for US dollar-denominated assets is larger and deeper; network externalities and inertia also play a role. Increasing the attractiveness of the euro outside the euro area requires, among others, a proactive role for the European Central Bank and completing ...

This paper summarises recent trends in the international use of the euro and potential benefits and drawbacks of acquiring the status of an international currency, with a focus on implications for monetary policy. The benefits of international currency status are found to likely be limited and the effects on monetary policy to be ambiguous. The international role of the euro could be strengthened by policy initiatives in specific markets or as a by-product of improvements in the soundness of euro ...

This note provides a critical overview on the current status and recent trends related to the euro’s international standing over the last decade and reflects on the opportunities and risks for the role of the euro going forward, including the post-COVID-19 international trade and political order. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs.

Until recently, Uzbekistan was one of the most repressive countries in the world. Under its long-time leader Islam Karimov, human rights abuses included torture, child and forced adult labour, as well as severe restrictions on religious freedom, the media and civil society. Following Karimov's death in 2016, his successor Shavkat Mirziyoyev has launched an ambitious reform programme. Some of the worst human rights abuses (such as torture and forced labour) have been phased out, or at least diminished ...

This note focuses on the elements of novelty that characterise the 2016 stress test, based on the methodological notes released by the European Banking Authority, and discusses in closer detail the following key aspects: • the request for specific forecasts concerning “conduct risk”; • the greater attention towards risks originated by foreign exchange exposures; • the lack of a “pass/fail” threshold that partitions tested banks into “safe” and “unsafe” ones; • and the change in the sample ...

The 2016 EU-wide stress test requires banks to assess the impact of exchange rate movements on the quality of their foreign exchange lending. This is useful but not sufficient information for supervisors to be able to assess the implications of exchange rate risk for bank solvency. The 2016 stress test further asks banks to report in detail the expected future costs associated with already known misconduct cases. Information of this kind enables supervisors to ascertain whether banks’ current levels ...

This note examines exchange rate changes between the Euro and five other key currencies: the US dollar, Japanese yen, Chinese yuan, Russian rouble, and British pound. It is analysed if exchange rates have had a measurable impact on the flow of tourists from each of the five key currency counties to Europe (in particular the Euro area).