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This study provides estimates of the size and development of the shadow economy in the EU up to 2022 and analyses the main factors that drive economic agents to enter the shadow economy activities (part 1). Moreover, the study reviews and elaborates on the main driving forces and the policy measures implemented to reduce the shadow economy in six EU countries (Germany, Austria, Italy, Denmark, Romania and Greece) (part 2).

The coronavirus pandemic has resulted in Latin America's worst economic and social crisis in decades, with a disproportionate impact on informal workers. The informal economy describes economic activity by workers or economic units that is not or only insufficiently covered by formal legal or practical arrangements. Although it is on the decline in Latin America, the informal economy still accounts for slightly over half of all jobs in the region. To counteract the spread of Covid-19, various confinement ...

The twilight zone is the area beyond common legal and ethical limits. It hints at the challenges raised by shadow transactions, which are not transparent and possibly not in line with applicable requirements either. The question is how far openness and transparency should go to remedy opaque or hidden activities. Although this topical issue is not limited to matters of taxation, it is of particular importance in this field.

European Union heads of state and government reiterated support for the European perspective of the Western Balkans at their meeting on 9 March, and underlined that the situation in the region was fragile due to internal and external challenges. Despite relatively good economic growth prospects, the Western Balkans' reform progress has been slow, rule of law weak, and corruption persistent. Many Western and local politicians are also concerned about the increasingly prominent role of external players ...

Latin America's informal economy

Briefing 22-09-2016

Informal employment affects around 130 million workers in Latin America and the Caribbean, of whom at least 27 million are young people, and represents nearly half of non-agricultural employment. Its incidence varies across the region's countries (from 30.7% in Costa Rica to 73.6% in Guatemala), sectors and population groups. Fighting informality has become a clear objective in the region. Some Latin American countries have taken big steps to reduce informality, applying a different mix of specific ...

Undeclared work affects both the individual and society. It deprives workers of their necessary social and health protection and imposes precarious working conditions on them. At the same time, it creates unfair competition for companies, and damages public finances and social security systems. For these reasons, the European Commission proposed on 9 April 2014 the creation of a European Platform against undeclared work to support and coordinate the Member States' efforts in preventing, deterring ...

Undeclared work in the EU

Briefing 28-01-2016

Undeclared work represents a large share of the shadow economy, which also includes illegal economic activities that circumvent government regulations. The European Commission defines undeclared work as any paid activities that are lawful as regards their nature but not declared to public authorities. Obtaining reliable estimates of the share of undeclared work in an economy is, by the non-registered nature of the phenomenon, very difficult. Informal employment, or employees without contracts, was ...

Undeclared work affects both the individual – with less favourable health, social and working conditions – and society, through unfair competition, and implications for budgets and social security systems. On 9 April 2014, the European Commission proposed the creation of a European Platform against undeclared work, tasked with supporting and coordinating the Member States' efforts in preventing, deterring and fighting undeclared work.

After an an overview of evidence on undeclared work this document presents core elements of the Commission proposal on the establishment of a European network against undeclared work, main changes in the Council's "general approach", views of the Euroepan Parliament and the social partners. The briefing concludes with an analysis of related European networks and factors enhancing the effectiveness of mutual exchange.

By some measures, Mali’s economy has performed well over the last decade. It has respected most of the West African Economic and Monetary Union’s macroeconomic convergence criteria, was made eligible for the debt relief initiative for heavily indebted countries, and assessments by regional and international organisations highlight its fiscal prudence, appropriate economic policy choices and macroeconomic stability. Yet a closer look reveals additional patterns that have contributed to growing disparities ...