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This paper considers the costs of four scenarios for the reintroduction of border controls within the Schengen area: for two years for seven countries; for two years across the Schengen area; indefinitely for seven countries; and indefinitely across the Schengen area. It identifies how a reintroduction of borders would create costs of 'non-Schengen' and estimates that cost quantitatively. For the highest-cost scenario — indefinite suspension of the whole Schengen area – the cost is 0.06-0.14 per ...

The study lists currently applied measures re-introducing temporary border controls within Schengen area and evaluates them in the light of different policy options and smart Single Market regulation criteria. The study highlights the added value of free movement within the Schengen area for the Single Market and quantifies the costs of re-establishing internal border controls, with particular reference to the transportation sector. Welfare of consumers is affected by “non-Schengen”, as the prices ...

Since the pre-accession phases, the Member States located in Central and Eastern Europe have been receiving EU funding to be invested in transport infrastructure. These investments have improved connectivity and accessibility in these Member States substantially. This note shows, however, that gaps remain. It also analyses how current policy instruments could contribute to close such gaps, and how this policy could be improved.

High-speed rail in the EU

Briefing 29-09-2015

High-speed rail (HSR) started developing in Europe in the late 1970s, first in France and Italy, and subsequently in Germany, Spain and the UK, among others. In the early stages, its development took place largely at national level. The EU started providing specific support to European rail projects with the establishment of the trans-European transport network (TEN-T) in the early 1990s, some priority projects of which concern HSR. The EU also promotes HSR development through other means, including ...