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In recent years, the concern that some branded products might be inferior in the Member States that have joined the European Union (EU) since 2004 has become ever more apparent. This concern has come to be known as the 'dual quality of products'. To address the issue, between 2018 and 2019, the European Commission's Joint Research Service (JRC) compared a set of branded food products sold under the same name and in the same or similar packaging across Member States – the first time a harmonised testing ...

This paper considers how the regulatory environment of the European Union impacts upon franchising. It suggests that the failure of franchising to fulfil its full potential in the EU is due, at least in part, to the dysfunctionality of the EU’s regulatory environment. It concludes that in order to enable franchising to achieve its full potential it is necessary to re-engineer the EU’s regulatory environment, by way of a franchise focused European Legal Act , in respect of how it impacts upon franchising ...

The legal framework for trademarks in the EU is based on the coexistence of national trademarks systems, harmonised by a Directive since 1988, and a unitary Community Trademark, introduced in 1994 by a Regulation. In March 2013 the Commission adopted a reform package for EU trademark law.