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Russia and other energy-rich authoritarian states use their energy exports for economic gains but also as a tool of foreign policy leverage. This study looks at the ways and methods these states have used to exert political pressure through their energy supplies, and what it means for the European Union. Most energy-rich authoritarian states use their energy wealth to ensure regime survival. But, more than others, Russia uses its energy wealth as well to protect and promote its interests in its ‘ ...

Since the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union, various attempts have been made to re-integrate the economies of its former republics. However, little progress was made until Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan launched a Customs Union in 2010. In 2015, this was upgraded to a Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). Modelled in part on the EU, this bloc aims to create an EU-style Eurasian internal market, with free movement of goods, services, persons and capital. So far, the EEU's performance has been poor. Trade ...

Die Europäische Nachbarschaftspolitik

Eingehende Analyse 20-12-2016

Mit der Europäischen Nachbarschaftspolitik wurde ab 2004 ein allgemeiner Rahmen für die Beziehungen der EU zu den geografisch am nächsten gelegenen 16 Nachbarstaaten geschaffen. Dieser Rahmen bietet eine verstärkte Zusammenarbeit und einen Zugang zum europäischen Markt über bilaterale Aktionspläne, mit denen mittelfristig Assoziierungsabkommen erreicht werden sollen. Er wird durch drei regionale Komponenten ergänzt: die Union für den Mittelmeerraum, die Schwarzmeerstrategie und die Östliche Partnerschaft ...

The smiles at the signing ceremony for Eurasian Union Treaty held on 29 May 2014 revealed little of the arduous negotiations that had led to the agreement – or of its uncertain future. Present in Astana were the presidents of the same three countries that had formed the Customs Union, in force since 2010: Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. The media offered pictures of the cheery trio joining hands, cementing the agreement that Russian President Vladimir Putin had strongly advocated. But the next steps ...

Upon request by the LIBE Committee, this study examines the Schengen Visa liberalisation in the Eastern Partnership countries, Russia and Turkey which has proven to have a huge transformative potential across the justice, liberty and security policies of the countries where it has been deployed. Far-reaching technical reforms in the fields of document security, irregular migration and border management, public order security and fundamental rights have to be implemented so that visa-free travel can ...

Russia is a major source of and destination for migration, involving a considerable number of people. It has mainly attracted migrants from other countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Independent States. Economic development and the ensuing need for workers, as well as demographic problems, have led to important policy changes in Russia. The country seems to have been moving towards a more "open" migration policy.