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This year marks the 50th anniversary of the signing of the accession treaties to the former European Communities by Ireland and Denmark. The path to membership was not smooth for either country, with their first two applications made in 1961 and 1967, together with the United Kingdom, effectively blocked by French opposition. With a change of government in France, the six members of the European Communities reaffirmed their agreement to the enlargement of the Communities, and negotiations on membership ...

Differentiated integration in the European Union

Εν συντομία 18-02-2016

As the number of European Union Member States has increased and the competences of the Union have widened, some Member States have on occasion been exempted from joining their partners in new fields of integration. Whilst the single market and its ‘four freedoms’ remain at the heart of the Union, it has found ways to allow the majority to move forward, notably in the fields of Economic and Monetary Union and Justice and Home Affairs, without all Member States taking part. The graphics below illustrate ...

Foreign Affairs as field of EU action has very distinctive constitutional qualities. Its external powers are broad, encompassing not only traditional foreign policy, but also development cooperation and number of sectoral policies such as trade, transport and environment. The report provides an analysis of the changes in the constitutional and institutional framework brought about by the Lisbon Treaty and assess the implementation of those changes including obstacles to further improvement ...

This Study examines the functioning of EU Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) cooperation in light of the reforms and innovations introduced by the Lisbon Treaty since the end of 2009. It identifies the main challenges and deficits characterising the practical and effective implementation of these transformations and suggests specific ways for the European Parliament to address them. The Study recommends that that any future legislative reform or Treaty change should not promote or enable further differentiation ...

Against any superficial impression of uniformity, the Treaty of Lisbon offers a significant number of mechanisms for flexibility (i.e. establishing different obligations and/or with different deadlines for accomplishment for different member states). External treaties complete the vast array for flexibility in European integration. Their full deployment depends on political opportunity and they may offer some opportunities to develop some policy areas. However, they are not panacea to face EU’s biggest ...

Trends in Differentiation of EU Law and Lessons for the Future

Λεπτομερής ανάλυση 15-01-2015

This analysis examines the development of differentiated integration connected to the EU legal order, and raises questions for the future.

Upon request by the LIBE Committee, this Study examines the legal and political implications of the forthcoming end of the transitional period for the measures in the fields of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, as set out in Protocol 36 to the EU Treaties. This Protocol limits some of the most far-reaching innovations introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon over EU cooperation on Justice and Home Affairs for a period of five years after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon ( ...

This briefing note identifies and examines the legal consequences of the decision by UK not to opt in the proposed EU Regulation on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and authentic instruments in matters of succession and the creation of a European Certificate of Succession. In particular, it analyses key concerns of the Regulation from the viewpoint of the UK. Lastly, the note assesses the impacts that a decision by UK not to take part in the adoption of the proposed ...

The main objective of the present study is to prepare background material and advise Members of the EP Committee on Employment and Social Affairs on a number of social issues related to the European Commission proposed revision of the Working Time Directive concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time. The study provides information based on existing research and available statistical data on the consequences of long working hours on family life and it also analyses the effectiveness ...