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Mode 5 refers to services which are incorporated into goods which are then traded across international borders. Unlike traditional services, Mode 5 services are not subject to the existing international trade regime under the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Rather, they are subject to trade rules under the framework that governs trade in goods. As a consequence, trade in Mode 5 services is not fully liberalised, even though liberalisation would be in the best interest of international ...

This study contrasts the current role of customs at the external borders with what it is supposed to be like. The considerable imbalance we encounter between the involvement of customs and border guards impedes the smooth operation of border control and poses security risks for the Union and its citizens, including terrorist attacks. This study analyses the causes of this imbalance and proposes appropriate solutions in line with international standards.