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Directive (2013/11/EU) on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes (the 'ADR Directive') provides an out-of-court solution for consumers to resolve disputes on goods and services purchased from traders established in the single market. Together with Regulation (EU) No 524/2013 on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes (the 'ODR Regulation'), the ADR Directive forms a horizontal EU-level framework for alternative dispute resolution. The significant increase of online sales, in ...

With the aim of bringing Russia’s war of aggression to an end and developing a sustainable post-war peace, Ukraine has advanced its vision of peace (as encompassed in President Zelenskyy’s ‘peace formula’) and the paths that lead to this (as outlined in Ukraine’s 10-point peace plan). Other actors, including China, Indonesia and the collective African Peace Initiative Mission, have advanced their own peace proposals. This in-depth analysis (IDA) scrutinises the different proposals that have been ...

La guerre de la Russie contre l’Ukraine a poussé l’Union européenne (UE) à intensifier son action en faveur de la paix et de la sécurité. La publication «Paix et sécurité» du Service de recherche du Parlement européen (EPRS) vise à analyser et à expliquer la contribution de l’Union européenne à la promotion et au rétablissement de la paix et de la sécurité au niveau international, à travers ses différentes politiques extérieures. La présente étude donne un aperçu des enjeux et de l’état des lieux ...

On 19 June 2023, the EU and Kenya concluded negotiations on an economic partnership agreement (EPA). This agreement builds on negotiations for an EPA with the partner states of the East African Community (EAC) – at the time: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda – which were finalised in October 2014. However, the signing of the EU-EAC EPA had been stalled because of discussions within the EAC on the consequences of the EPA for their economies. Except for Kenya, all EAC partner states are ...

Armenia and Azerbaijan have been in conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh for 30 years, during which two bloody episodes of war, in 1992 and in 2020, have alternated with periods of frozen conflict. Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has shaken the balance of power in the region. To avert further escalation of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the international community has stepped up mediation efforts, with the EU playing a prominent role. During the June session, Question Time with ...

Ever since the end of the Cold War, Armenia and Azerbaijan have been in conflict over Nagorno Karabakh, in the longest-running conflict in the post-Soviet space. Two bloody war episodes, in 1992 and in 2020, have alternated with periods of frozen conflict over three decades, amidst the inability of the international community to find a political settlement. Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has further altered the power balance in the region, creating a dangerous security vacuum ...

Avec une population de 1,8 million d’habitants (93 % d’Albanais de souche), le Kosovo* a déclaré unilatéralement son indépendance vis-à-vis de la Serbie en 2008. La perspective européenne du Kosovo a été affirmée lors des sommets entre l’Union européenne (UE) et les Balkans occidentaux, qui remontent à 2003. Depuis 2011, le pays entretient un dialogue politique avec la Serbie, sous l’égide de l’UE. Le 18 mars 2023, les représentants du Kosovo et de la Serbie se sont réunis à Ohrid, en Macédoine du ...

EU integration represents an inspiring example of conflict resolution. Some 30 years of violent sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland was brought to an end in 1998, with the signature of the Good Friday/Belfast Agreement. At the time, both the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland were Member States of the European Union, having both joined the European Communities on 1 January 1973. The EU's engagement in the Northern Ireland peace process materialised first through support for the International Fund ...

The resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian dispute has been an issue of strategic and common interest for the European Union (EU) and the United States (USA), for which they have both sought to cooperate from the onset. The Middle East Peace Process (MEPP) was initiated through the 1991 Madrid Conference co-sponsored by the Soviet Union and the USA. However, the most recent developments, such as the clashes in Gaza and the acts of violence in the West Bank that began in the summer of 2022, demonstrate ...

A commemorative bust of John Hume (1937-2020) – awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1998 for his tireless efforts to bring peace to his native Northern Ireland – was unveiled in the European Parliament in Strasbourg on Tuesday 7 June 2022. Having served as an MEP from 1979 to 2004, John Hume understood the European Parliament as a forum in which to raise attention to the problems of Northern Ireland and build European support for resolving the conflict. And it was also – with a measure of seclusion ...