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Successive negotiation rounds between Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt about the filling and operation of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) have ended in stalemate. This new dam, built by Ethiopia on the Blue Nile (the Nile's main tributary), will bring into operation Africa's largest hydropower plant. It is expected to secure access to electricity for the majority of Ethiopians, to foster economic development and to provide revenues from the sale of surplus electricity abroad. For its part, Sudan ...

One year after its inception, the transitional government of Sudan, born out of the protests that brought down the 30-year regime of Omar al-Bashir in 2019, continues to face grave challenges at domestic and international level. The hybrid government, composed of civilians and members of the security forces, declared that peace negotiations and tackling the economic crisis would be its priorities during a 39-month transitional period leading up to elections in 2022. On 3 October 2020, the government ...

In August 2015, under considerable international pressure, a peace agreement was signed in South Sudan: it aimed to end the violent civil war that had broken out two years earlier. The conflict was caused by a number of entangled factors that can be boiled down to a struggle for power and oil in a devastated country. Soon after gaining independence in 2011, the rivalry between the two main leaders, Salva Kiir and Riek Machar, that had been subdued, erupted again. In July 2013, President Kiir dismissed ...

The European Union and its Member States have been the staunchest supporters of the ICC system of international criminal justice in the last two decades. That system is now at a critical juncture. With a view to the future, it is necessary to examine how the ICC can overcome the current challenges and build upon its successes to date. And more specifically, how the EU and its Member States can, and should, help the ICC in this respect. By critically assessing the EU’s performance to date in mainstreaming ...

The regime of Sudan's President Omar Al Bashir's regime is facing its most important challenges in recent years. Sudan lost 75 % of its oil revenues following the independence of South Sudan. Its economy will contract by 11.2 percent this year. This has encouraged popular protests and reduced the regime's resources. Army generals and intelligence officers were among the 13 people arrested for plotting a coup d'état in November. The arrests signal a widening rift between hard- and soft-liners in Khartoum ...

The first Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) mission was launched in 2003. Since then the EU has launched 24 civilian missions and military operations. Despite the tendency of military operations to attract more attention, the majority of CSDP (Common Security and Defence Policy) interventions have been civilian missions. Since the beginning the actors involved in CSDP recognised the need to learn from the different aspects of missions and operations. The tools and methodologies to guarantee ...

This report concludes that the European Union can play an important role in mediation efforts to prevent or end conflict, but that to do so most effectively it needs to become more coherent and flexible in its approach. As a pre-requisite, the EU needs to develop a broader awareness of the motivations and strengths it brings to mediation efforts. Preventing or ending conflict through mediation is a concern for the EU and an area where the Union believes that it can play a useful role. In 2009 the ...