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The last general and extensive overhaul of the European Parliament’s Rules of Procedure, which entered into force as of 16 January 2017, was intended to bring more transparency and efficiency to parliamentary work. Among the numerous modifications, may be noted the increased attention to the conduct of Members, the streamlining of the types of thresholds for procedural requests, the increased transparency surrounding the decision to begin negotiations during the various stages of the legislative ...

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was one of the most tragic periods in China's history. It unleashed a decade of violence, in which more than a million Chinese died, some 16 million were banished to the countryside and many others suffered imprisonment, seizure of property, torture or humiliation. It left in its wake a shattered country, a fractured society in turmoil and a devastated economy. The Chinese Communist Party ignored the 50th anniversary on 16 May of the start of the Cultural ...

Parliamentary Immunity in a European Context

Analisi approfondita 01-10-2015

This in-depth analysis was commissioned by the policy department on citizens' rights and constitutional affairs at the request of the JURI committee. It examines the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union on the matter of parliamentary immunity. From this case law, it derives the conclusion that both courts are developing a ‘functional approach’ towards parliamentary immunity. It explains the meaning of this approach both for national systems ...

Parliamentary Immunity in Italy

Analisi approfondita 01-10-2015

This in-depth analysis was commissioned by the policy department on citizens' rights and constitutional affairs at the request of the JURI committee. It proposes to view the legal basis and practical developments of parliamentary privilege in Italy, providing an insight into the peculiarities of the country’s experience, with reference also to recent cases.

From the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution until 1989, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the country's only legal party. Since then, the number has grown, with a record 69 parties participating in the September 2014 regional elections. However, this apparent diversity does not mean that Russian voters have a real choice, as Vladimir Putin's grip on power is increasingly unchallenged, gradually reversing the gains made in the post-1989 democratisation process.