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After fighting broke out between government forces and separatists, the formerly Serbian province of Kosovo was transferred to United Nations administration in 1999. In 2008, Kosovo declared independence. However, Belgrade continues to view its former province as Serbian territory. Over 100 countries, including 23 EU Member States, have recognised Kosovar independence, but full recognition and membership of most international organisations are still a long way off. Both Serbia and Kosovo aspire to ...

During the Cold War, Turkey's interest in the Western Balkans remained relatively dormant, yet the wars that accompanied the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s and the active diplomacy pursued by the Turkish AK political party from 2002 onwards triggered greater Turkish involvement in the region. Nevertheless, Turkey's influence in the Western Balkans remains mainly based on cultural and educational programmes offered to those countries with a large Muslim community and steadily developing ...

Resolving their deep-seated rivalries has been one of the conditions placed on Serbia and Kosovo for achieving their shared goal of EU entry. Since 2011, an EU-mediated dialogue has sought to strike a balance between their past conflicts and present aspirations. Although tensions persist, the goal is to translate the deals signed by both sides into reality, and to keep their dialogue going.

The Commission's latest progress report notes that, in 2015, Kosovo was still at an 'early stage' of preparedness for EU membership. However, in October 2015 it signed a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the EU, which reaffirmed its EU perspective.

Serbia obtained the status of "candidate country" in March 2012. The Commission's 2012 progress report noted some positive results, but highlighted limited progress over relations between Belgrade and Pristina. Serbia also needs to step up efforts to align its legislation.

The vote on the observer state status for Palestine in the United Nations system is scheduled for 29 November 2012. For the Palestinian National Authority, the lack of progress in the Middle East Peace Process has provided the stimulus for seeking an upgrade to its status in the United Nations. The European Union supports Palestinian statehood in principle, but is divided on the appropriateness of the timing of the UN bid. The European Parliament backs the two-state solution, with its implicit upgrading ...