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Little has changed since the Ethiopian government and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) agreed on 2 November 2022 to cease hostilities and return to constitutional order. The 2-year civil war has killed thousands of people and seriously aggravated the country's already disastrous humanitarian situation. The conflict erupted in November 2020, after the Ethiopian army attacked Tigrayan troops, who had taken control of military headquarters in Mekelle, the capital of the Tigray region, in ...

With an area of nearly 8.5 million km2 and a population of around 212 million (approximately twice the size of the EU with half the population), Brazil is Latin America's largest and most populated country, the biggest democracy (and, despite many observers' concerns over the current state of democracy) one of the freest countries) in the region. It is politically organised as a Federative Republic, formed by the Union, 26 states, 5 570 municipalities and the Federal District (Brasilia). The Brazilian ...

The Federal Republic of Germany has a parliamentary system consisting of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat, established in 1949. The Bundestag is the main legislative body, which determines all laws at federal level. It does so with the participation of a ‘second chamber’, the Bundesrat, which represents the 16 constituent states (Bundesländer). Competencies are shared between the Federation and the Länder, with the Länder having the right to legislate insofar as the Grundgesetz (Basic Law) does not ...

Like many other countries around the world, the US federal government has taken measures in an attempt to slow the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. Moreover, reflecting events in the European Union, the individual states and local authorities have taken additional measures to protect the health, safety, and welfare of citizens within their respective jurisdictions. Under the US federal system, in public health emergencies US states may impose quarantine and isolation measures. The differing emergency ...

This study is part of a wider project seeking to investigate, from a comparative law perspective, judicial proceedings available to individuals before the highest courts of different states, and before certain international courts. The aim of this study is to examine the various judicial proceedings available to individuals in Canadian law, and in particular before the Supreme Court of Canada. To this end, the text is divided into five parts. The introduction provides an overview of Canadian constitutional ...

Eurozone reformers are looking to the United States and other federations as they seek to craft a more sustainable architecture for the Euro. This paper first extracts lessons about mechanisms of inter-regional insurance and redistribution, and then turns attention to related debates about moral hazard and fiscal discipline. In the United States, inter-regional fiscal stabilization is achieved through a progressive income tax. Contrary to common wisdom, federal direct expenditures and grants are ...

This report looks at the Supreme Court of the United States, how it is organized and functions, the mechanisms by which cases reach the Court and how it treats treaties that have not been ratified by the United States government. The United States is a federated country. As such it has national governmental structures, which are outlined in its constitution, and state structures, which are outlined in the individual constitutions of each state. The United States Constitution is the second such document ...

Nigeria: Political situation

Pārskats 28-01-2016

Following general elections in March 2015, Nigeria experienced its first democratic handover of power. Unlike other elections since the 1999 democratic transition, these elections ran unmarred by suspicions of vote rigging and widespread electoral violence. The elected president, Muhammadu Buhari, won with a promise to crack down on endemic corruption.

Constitutionally, Russia is a federation, as was the Soviet Union before it – a natural choice for such a large and heterogeneous country. The 85 federated states which make up the country (referred to as 'subjects of the Russian Federation', 'federal subjects' or 'regions') enjoy wide-ranging powers. At federal level they are represented by the upper house of parliament (Council of the Federation), giving them direct influence over federal law-making, at least on paper. Russia's federal system faces ...

This comparative note looks at the legal provisions ruling the amendment of the founding documents of federal states and international organisations and compares them to Art. 48 of the Treaty on European Union. The European Union is the only political organisation requiring a double unanimous decision, firstly when signing a revising treaty and, secondly, when ratifying it in the Member States. The new rules proposed for the entry into force of the European Stability Mechanism treaty indicate that ...