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Ever since the early history of European universities, academic freedom has been acknowledged to be a fundamental feature of any higher education research system or institution. The emergence of the research university model in Germany in the early 1800s, highlighting the basic concepts of Lehrfreiheit and Lernfreiheit, contributed strongly to the central position of academic freedom in present-day higher education systems. Following the widespread democratisation of Europe and other parts of the ...

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in the true degree of academic freedom around the world despite international declarations, and constitutional and legal protection. This study aims to support the European Parliament's STOA Panel in developing a procedure to monitor developments in academic freedom in the EU Member States. The study provides an overview of the interpretation of academic freedom in different international declarations, and offers a critical assessment of existing evaluation ...

In September 2021, the special Eurobarometer 516 survey on European citizens' knowledge and attitudes towards science and technology found that 86 % of citizens think that science and technology exert an overall positive influence on society. Whilst the coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the importance of scientific research as a provider of solutions to global challenges, it has also exemplified the capacity of scientific communities to accelerate scientific research cooperation, including through ...

China's meteoric economic and military rise, authoritarian political system and non-market economic model, and growing US-China strategic competition, have had a significant impact on how bilateral research ties are perceived in the US, and on how the US Congress and the Trump and Biden administrations have shaped the US research ecosystem in response to China's 'Thousand Talents' programme.

Conclusions and policy recommendations Against this backdrop, the study proposes a series of 9 policy recommendations: 1) Set up a concrete implementation strategy and draw up a comprehensive evaluation framework, in line with the UN’s sustainable development goal 4 on education, in order to monitor progress and identify shortcomings in the implementation of EEA initiatives.

The visibility of, and focus on, authoritarian hybrid threats – a mix of conventional and non-conventional hostile activities to undermine democracies – is increasing. Techniques and technologies keep evolving, and a growing number of authoritarian actors are adopting and adapting different tools to further their agendas. In this context, 'soft power' exerted through academic institutions and universities can become a 'sharp' hybrid tool, undermining academic independence and further eroding trust ...

This study examines possible scenarios (both aspirational and disruptive) for future developments for the education and youth sectors. It also identifies and assesses the policy implications of these scenarios. Ultimately, the study informs EU policy-makers, in particular MEPs, on policy options and their implications for the education and youth sectors in the EU, and seeks to help them prepare for the scenarios identified (both in terms of facing challenges and embracing opportunities).