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In 2022, the EU Strategic Compass included space as a strategic domain, and called for a dedicated European strategy. In the meantime, Russia's invasion of Ukraine confirmed the key role of space for defence and resilience, but also highlighted vulnerabilities related to space systems. Another 'wake-up call' came from a different direction; SpaceX's advances in reusable rocket technology leading to Starship's first orbital flight test turned the spotlight onto launch providers and access to space ...

The United States has announced its withdrawal from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, sparking fears of a fresh nuclear arms race between Russia, the United States and China. The collapse of the 1987 agreement, which bans land-based missiles with a range of between 500 kilometres and 5 500 kilometres, has further exacerbated existing concerns about European security caused by the uncertain commitment of US President Donald Trump to the NATO military alliance. President Trump’s approach ...

Since the original announcement made by former U.S. president George W. Bush to build Ballistic Missile Defence(BMD)’s third pillar in Central Europe, BMD has become a widely discussed and contested issue. President Obama’s review of the U.S. system (2009) paved the way for the construction of a multilayered system as a NATO capability which was endorsed by the Alliance at the Lisbon Summit (2010). Although the European Phased Adaptive Approach (EPAA) system proposed by the Obama administration is ...