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The interest rate cost of EU borrowing for non-repayable support, which lies with the EU budget, could be twice as high as what was initially estimated at the start of the EU’s 2021-2027 budget cycle. This Bruegel paper finds that the European Commission’s issuance strategy can still be improved to reduce EU borrowing costs at the margin. It should also continue to work on building market infrastructures for EU bonds. Moreover if EU countries want to reap the full benefits of EU borrowing, some political ...

This graph on the Banking Union set-up was produced by Policy Department A of the European Parliament in close cooperation with the ECON Secretariat for the Committee on Economy and Monetary Affairs. It is based on publicly available information and is provided for information purposes only. The overview may be updated if needed to take further developments into account.