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On 17 November 2015, France invoked for the first time article 42(7) or the mutual assistance clause of the Treaty on the European Union (TEU), asking for aid and assistance from the other European Union (EU) Member States in the aftermath of the deadly terrorist attacks in Paris on 13 November 2015. Included in EU primary law in 2009 by the Lisbon Treaty, under the specific provisions on the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), the EU mutual assistance clause (or the EU mutual defence ...

The European Union, like its Member States, has to comply with the principle of the rule of law and respect for fundamental rights when fulfilling the tasks set out in the Treaties. These legal obligations have been framed progressively by the case law of the European Court of Justice. The Court filled the gaps in the original Treaties, thus simultaneously ensuring the autonomy and consistency of the EU legal order and its relation with national constitutional orders. Since the entry into force ...

Reform of the UN Security Council

Briefing 22-05-2013

The divergent responses of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to the crises in Syria and Libya – a veto on action in the former case contrasted with authorisation for action in the latter – have once again provided a reminder of the power of the UNSC's veto-wielding permanent members to determine when the UN's collective security system may come into action.